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Abstract: Vilfredo Pareto holds a significant position in the realm of social philosophy. His contributions to knowledge were unique, as he excelled in diverse academic fields, including economics, politics, engineering, mathematics, sociology, and social philosophy. For this reason, he is regarded as a scholar with extensive and multidisciplinary expertise. The aim of this paper is to discuss and analyze Pareto’s theory of action as a branch of social philosophy and assess its relevance in the context of contemporary society. It is well known that humans cannot live alone in society. Therefore, in social settings, we engage in various activities with stakeholders such as neighbors, communities, groups, and other social entities. From this perspective, it can be said that humans establish multiple connections to fulfill their needs and perform these actions. In this context, Pareto’s discussion on actions is regarded as a fundamental and analytically significant concept. To analyze his theory of action, Pareto divided actions into two categories: logical actions and non-logical actions. Through this analysis, Pareto emphasized that logical actions are relatively few and are governed by human reasoning. In contrast, most actions performed by individuals fall under the category of non-logical actions. This paper will review various aspects of Pareto’s theory of action and explore its implications for understanding human behavior in society.

Abstract: John Rawls’s theory of justice is one of the most influential moral doctrines in contemporary political philosophy. This article presents a critical and reconstructive analysis of Rawlsian theory of justice by situating it within its intellectual and conceptual background. The central claim of the paper is that Rawls’s theory is not an isolated innovation; rather, it is a reconstructive doctrine shaped by key strands of Western moral and political thought, including Kantian moral constructivism, Humean ideas of social cooperation, Lockean rights-based liberalism, and Rousseau’s ideal of civic equality and collective self-government. Rawlsian theory, shaped by various philosophical influences, demonstrates significant originality; at the same time, it also has some inherent limitations, particularly its ideal-theoretical constraints in addressing social injustices, which this paper aims to highlight. Moreover, through a comparative discussion of communitarian critiques, non-ideal theory, the capability approach, and deliberative democracy, the article further seeks to demonstrate that these perspectives do not reject the core normative commitments of justice as fairness; rather, they bring its reconstructive potential into sharper focus. The article concludes that incorporating these insights can make Rawlsian theory of justice more relevant and effective in responding to social context, democratic values, and global injustice.